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A gynecologist is a doctor who focuses on the reproductive health of women. They diagnose and treat problems with the female reproductive system. The uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and breasts are all included. A gynecologist can help anyone with female organs. The gynecological problems that the general surgeon is most likely to meet are those that present with acute abdominal symptoms and those that arise unexpectedly during laparotomy. Obstetrics, or pregnancy and childbirth, menstruation and reproductive concerns, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), hormone imbalances, and other issues are all dealt with by them. Gynecologists, like all surgical specialties, may use medicinal or surgical therapy (or a combination of both) depending on the nature of the problem they are treating. Many common medication therapies, including as antibiotics, diuretics, antihypertensives, and antiemetics, will be used in pre- and post-operative medical therapy. Gynecologists also frequently use specific hormone-modulating medications to treat female genital tract problems that respond to pituitary or gonadal signals.

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Gynecologic oncology is a subspecialty of medicine that focuses on cancers of the female reproductive system, such as ovarian, uterine, vaginal, cervical, and vulvar cancer. They have significant training in the diagnosis and treatment of various cancers as specialists. Women with gynecological cancer who receive therapy from specialized centres live longer than those who receive normal care, according to low-quality research. Women with ovarian cancer may live longer at specialist gynecological cancer treatment centres than in general or community hospitals, according to a meta-analysis of three trials involving over 9000 women. Furthermore, a metaanalysis of three other studies involving over 50,000 women indicated that women treated in teaching centres or specialist cancer centres lived longer than those treated in community or general hospitals. Gynecological cancers account for 10-15% of all cancers in women, primarily affecting women over the age of reproductive potential but also posing a hazard to fertility in younger patients. Combination therapy, which combines surgical and non-surgical therapies, is the most prevalent treatment option (radiotherapy, chemotherapy).

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Gynecology and obstetrics are the study of the female regenerative framework. Obstetrics is the part of medication that spotlights on ladies during pregnancy, labor, and the post pregnancy time frame. Gynecology is a more extensive field, zeroing in on the overall medical services of ladies and treating conditions that influence the female conceptive organs. Doctors who are specialized in gynecology and obstetrics will have to undergo four years of post-medical school training in the areas of women’s general health, pregnancy, labor and delivery, preconception and postpartum care, prenatal testing, and genetics. For example, women may be referred as gynecologists in the earlier stages of pregnancy, and obstetricians later in their term.

• Pregnancy
• Postpartum period
• Female Reproductive system

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Endoscopy is the direct inspection of an organ or cavity through natural orifices or small incisions using an endoscope. They get more accurate and dependable information this way than they would if they used other external exploratory strategies. Gynecological endoscopy is a surgical procedure that uses optical devices to diagnose the most common female illnesses and pathologies, such as infertility, minor vaginal internal bleeding, and endometrial polyps, among others. Gynecological endoscopy employs hysteroscopy and laparoscopy for these goals. Thanks to significant technological advancements, as well as the sophistication and downsizing of the equipment utilized, gynecological endoscopy as we know it today is possible. The use of gynecological endoscopy for disease diagnosis by professionals with experience in its monitoring ensures maximum efficiency and reliability in image interpretation while reducing the risk of consequences. In terms of surgical applications, it has made it possible to treat gynecological disorders in a far less invasive manner. This technique permits a patient to be operated on without having to significantly alter her work or social activities, while still ensuring that the procedure is effective. In conclusion, gynecological endoscopy is one of the most recent, most effective, and least intrusive surgical procedures utilized for both diagnosis and treatment of gynecological problems.

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Gynecologic Surgery is giving a data for clinical articles managing all parts of agent and office gynecology. "Gynecological surgery ", established in 2004, is the first and head peer-surveyed logical diary devoted to all parts of research, advancement, and preparing in gynecological surgery. Gynecological surgery alludes to surgery on the female conceptive framework. It incorporates strategies for amiable conditions, malignancy, fruitlessness, and incontinence. Gynecological surgery may once in a while be performed for elective or restorative purposes .Also this field is quickly changing because of new advancements and developments in endoscopy, apply autonomy, imaging and other interventional systems. Gynecological surgery is presently develops every surgical intercession relating to ladies wellbeing, including urogynecology, oncology and fetal surgery.

• Vaginal surgery
• Fallopian tubes
• Uterus surgery

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Gynecological Disorders relate to disorders with the female reproductive system. The Reproductive system involves the Breasts, Uterus, Fallopian tube, Ovaries, and External Genitalia.

Some of the most Prevalent Gynecologic Problems include:

• Cervical Dysplasia: Cervical dysplasia is a precancerous condition in which abnormal cell growth occurs on the surface lining of the cervix, also known as the end cervical canal, which connects the uterus and the vaginal canal.
• Menstrual Disturbances: Heavy or prolonged Menstrual flow, bleeding during intercourse, bleeding between periods, and particularly uncomfortable pains can all be signs of a menstrual disorder in women of Menstruation age.
• Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD): Polycystic Ovarian Disease is a medical condition in which a woman's ovaries produce large amounts of immature or partially mature eggs, which eventually grow into cysts in the ovaries.
• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Polycystic Ovary Syndrome is a Metabolic disorder in which a woman's Reproductive years are disrupted by hormonal imbalance (between ages 12 and 51).
• Genital Tract Infection: Infection or inflammation of the Genital tract can lead to the accumulation of leukocytes in the sperm, which can impede sperm motility and function by producing too many reactive oxygen species

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Pediatric gynaecology, sometimes known as pediatric genecology, is a medical specialty that deals with the health of infants, children, and teenagers' vaginal, vulvar, uterine, and ovarian organs. Pediatric andrology, on the other hand, deals with medical disorders relating to the penis and testes in children. Pediatric and adolescent gynecology, a subspecialty of gynecology, is an important element of gynecologic care. In the vast majority of cases, it is a woman's first gynecologic interaction. It is critical that this be a favorable experience in order to set the tone for all subsequent gynecologic care. Pediatric and adolescent gynecology is a rapidly expanding field of medicine that necessitates specialized knowledge and sensitivity to a young patient's physiological and emotional needs. The gynecologic history and physical examination are part of both normal health maintenance and the identification and treatment of gynecologic disorders in the pediatric and early adolescent population. The pediatric gynecologic examination necessitates a high level of patience and communication in order to put both the patient and the parent(s) at ease in what may be a stressful situation. The usual check at a bottom during a routine pediatric well-child visit, which should be anxiety-free, to forensic inspections in cases of suspected abuse, where stress levels are high, are all examples of pediatric gynecologic examinations.

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The surgical sub-specialty of urology and gynecology known as urogynecology or urogynaecology. It includes treatments for women with urine incontinence, vaginal prolapse, recurrent urinary tract infections, bladder pain, and pelvic floor injuries after childbirth, including faecal incontinence, as well as assessments, investigations, and therapy. It connects to services in obstetrics, urology, and colorectal surgery. Urogynecology is a Gynecology subspecialty that is also known as Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery in some countries. A urogynecologist is a doctor who specializes in the treatment of pelvic floor and bladder dysfunction. The bladder, reproductive organs, and bowels are all affected by pelvic floor problems. Urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapses, and faecal incontinence are all common pelvic floor problems. Urogynecologists are increasingly responsible for the management of women who have suffered perineum trauma following childbirth. Urogynecological issues are rarely life-threatening, but they do have a significant influence on the quality of life of those who are affected. Quality of life improvement is frequently a treatment aim for urogynecologists, and there is a strong emphasis on symptom management using conservative techniques before resorting to more invasive procedures.

• Pelvic Floor and Bladder Health
• Urinary Incontinence
• Voiding Dysfunction in Females
• Pelvic Organ Prolapse
• Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

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• Pathology of the vagina
• Cervical Pathology
• Pathology of Uterus
• Pathology of fallopian tube
• Pathology of Ovaries
• Endometrial Pathology

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Male and female reproductive systems reflect a very dynamic underlying physiology. Physiology has been described as both the "science of health" and the "science of life." This is troublesome for reproductive physiology since much of what we consider reproduction is not essential for either. Individually, reproductive system problems such as infertility are neither life-threatening nor cause significant physiological dysfunction. While some may argue that infertility is not a disease, any impairment in reproductive function can lead to the extinction of a population or even a species. Female reproductive physiology has therapeutic importance for concerns ranging from adolescent entry into child-bearing years to pregnancy, infertility disorders, and menopause.

The phrase reproductive toxicology refers to the detrimental effect on either parental generation fertility or progeny development. The phrase developmental toxicology refers to the harmful effects on the developing organism from conception to sexual maturation; thus, developmental toxicology can be regarded a subset of reproductive toxicology. The word embryo toxicity refers to the harmful effects on progeny during the first trimester of pregnancy, between conception and the foetal stage, and is thus included in developmental toxicology and, by extension, reproductive toxicology. Finally, teratogenicity is described as structural deformities or disorders in children following embryogenesis and is regarded as a developmental toxicological effect.

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The hormones and control mechanisms that regulate sexual development, sexual function, and reproduction are referred to as reproductive endocrinology. The study of diseases and secretory status of the endocrine glands involved in reproduction, as well as their secretory products, reproductive hormones is included in clinical reproductive endocrinology. A reproductive endocrinologist, sometimes referred to as a RE, is an obstetrician/gynecologist (OB/GYN) physician who diagnoses and treats endocrine disorders which are either relevant to reproduction. Quantifying specific hormones is required to gain a complete understanding of the complicated endocrinological activities that occur during normal and pathological reproductive function. The endocrine system is the body's best-understood humoral regulatory mechanism.

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• Delayed childbearing

• Physical examination

• Mammography

• Ultrasonography

• Chest Radiography

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging

• Pathology

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• Radiation therapy

• Chemotherapy

• Hormone therapy

• Targeted therapy drugs

• Immunotherapy

• Biological therapy

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• Periodic breast examination

• Maintain a healthy weight

• Healthy diet

• Limit postmenopausal hormone therapy

• Control alcohol consumption

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• It lacks estrogen receptors. These are receptors on the cells that bind, or attach, to the hormone estrogen. If a tumor has estrogen receptors, estrogen can stimulate the cancer to grow.
• It lacks progesterone receptors. These receptors are cells that bind to the hormone progesterone. If a tumor has progesterone receptors, progesterone can stimulate the cancer to grow.
• It doesn’t have additional human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) proteins on its surface. HER2 is a protein that fuels breast cancer growth.

Metastatic breast cancer is also classified as Stage 4 breast cancer.  The cancer has.

How does cancer spread, or metastasize?

The spread of cancer usually happens through one or more of the following steps:

Miscarriage is a distressing event that affects each woman differently, but it can result in sadness, anxiety, depression, and even PTSD symptoms (PTSD). Many women's anxiety and depression following a miscarriage can last for years, even after the birth of a healthy child. Previous pregnancy loss is rarely included alongside other risk factors such as a family history of depression, stressful life events, or a lack of social support when determining if a woman is at risk of prenatal or postnatal depression. Women who have had one or more miscarriages may develop mental disorder months or years after the incident. According to some evidence, men and women might be affected for up to 15 years after a loss. Despite the fact that miscarriage is recognized as a public health issue, research into the mental health of women following a loss is still insufficient. Women and their partners may experience more intrusive thoughts if they have a recurrent miscarriage. Miscarriage has an emotional impact and might lead to mental health issues. Primary maternal preoccupation is one of the disorders that can develop.

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Maternal-fetal medicine is a vast topic and is professional in gynecology and the Number of Research institutes working on the  Maternal-fetal medicine are approximately 33 or more and  as well as some universities which are giving training to women to be Professionals in Maternal-fetal medicine , total number of universities offering this promising topic are approximately 160 working on Maternal-fetal medicine and there is also a funding of around $30000- $50000 and Academia 30% , 20% industry and Others 50% are included in this topic. Maternal–fetal medicine specialists are specialists within the field of obstetrics. They may perform prenataltests, provide treatments, and perform surgeries. After birth, they may work closely with pediatricians or neonatologists. Perinatologists assist with pre-existing health concerns and complications caused by pregnancy in mothers. Obstetrician-gynecologists who undergo an additional 3 years of specialized training in the assessment and management of high-risk pregnancies are called Maternal–fetal medicine specialists. In the United States, such obstetrician-gynecologists are certified by the American Board of Obstetrician Gynecologists (ABOG) or the American Osteopathic Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology.

• Neonatalogists

• Maternal morality

• Prenatal Diagnosis

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A midwife is a professional in midwifery. Also known as obstetrics, midwifery is the health science and the health profession concerned with pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period, besides sexual and reproductive health of women throughout their lives. The actual duties of the midwife are mainly to assist in the birthing process. It is said that the rates of obstetrical intervention in birth are rising worldwide. For example, national cesarean rates in Taiwan, China, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Mexico, and Puerto Rico are between 40 and 50 percent. In the United States, the cesarean rate has risen since the early 2000s from 23 percent to 29.1 percent; most European countries, Canada, and Australia have cesarean rates in the mid-20 percent range. Although professional midwives attend most births in some of these countries, they are biomedically socialized and often overworked, and have been unable to stem the rising cesarean tide, which is largely obstetrician driven. Though both midwives and obstetricians have worked hard to preserve normal vaginal delivery in these countries the Scandinavian and Japan are the exceptions. Here cesarean rates range from 12 to 17 percent.

• Labor and delievery

• Birthing positions

• Care of new born

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Endometriosis is a condition in which tissue that looks like the lining of the uterus develops outside of it. The endometrium is the lining of the uterus. Endometriosis is a condition in which endometrial tissue grows on the ovaries, intestines, and pelvic tissues. Endometrial tissue rarely spreads outside of the pelvic region, but it can happen. An endometrial implant is endometrial tissue that grows outside of the uterus. The displaced endometrial tissue is affected by the hormonal fluctuations of the menstrual cycle, causing it to become irritated and uncomfortable. This indicates that the tissue will expand, thicken, and eventually break down. The broken tissue eventually has nowhere to go and becomes trapped in the pelvis. Endometriosis manifests itself in a variety of ways. Some people have modest symptoms, while others have symptoms that range from moderate to severe. The intensity of the discomfort has nothing to do with the severity or stage of the condition.

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STDs are infections that are transmitted from one person to another by vaginal, anal, or oral intercourse. They're extremely prevalent, and many people with them have no symptoms. STDs can cause major health concerns if left untreated. Sexual intercourse has been linked to the transmission of more than 30 germs, viruses, and parasites. Sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex, is the most common way for STIs to spread. During pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding, several STIs can be passed from mother to kid. A person can have a STI without displaying any signs or symptoms of illness. Vaginal discharge, urethral discharge or burning in males, genital ulcers, and abdominal pain are all common STI symptoms. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have a significant influence on sexual and reproductive health around the world. Every day, almost 1 million STIs are acquired. In high-income countries, accurate STI diagnostic tests are frequently used. These are particularly beneficial for detecting asymptomatic infections. Diagnostic tests, on the other hand, are scarce in low- and middle-income nations.

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• Male breast cancer-Research

• Male breast cancer symptoms

• Male breast cancer stages

• Painful lump in the breast

• Breast calcifications

• Inherit abnormal (mutated) genes

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PCOD (Polycystic Ovarian Disease) is a medical disorder in which a woman's ovaries generate large amounts of immature or partially mature eggs, which develop into cysts in the ovaries over time. It enlarges the ovary and causes an overproduction of androgen and estrogen hormones, resulting in a variety of physiological problems. PCOD is a hormonal disorder that affects between 5- 10% of women in their reproductive years (12 to 45-years). The hormones of a woman become unbalanced in this situation. It is currently a big problem for a large number of young females in India. PCOD is a disease that affects a large number of young adults since it hits at a young age. PCOD affects people of all ages, alternating from 18 to 45 years

Symptoms of Polycystic Ovarian Disorder:

• Uneven periods

• Heavy bleeding 

• Unusual body and facial hair growth

• Uncontrolled  over weight around the waist area especially

• Pigmentation or blackening of the skin around the neck region

• Infertility

• Male-pattern baldness

• Headaches

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PCOS (Polycystic ovarian syndrome) is a hormonal disorder that affects a large number of women who are of reproductive age. PCOS is characterized by irregular or extended menstrual periods, as well as elevated levels of the male hormone androgen. The ovaries may produce a significant number of small fluid collections, yet fail to release eggs on a consistent basis. Around the time of puberty's first menstrual period, PCOS symptoms usually begin.

Common PCOS symptoms are

• An oversupply of androgens can lead to hair loss.

• Excess skin (skin discoloration) or darkened skin

• Mood swings

• Pelvic pain

• Polycystic ovaries

• Missed, irregular, infrequent, or extended periods

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• Women Health & Emergency Maternal Care

• Autoimmune Diseases

• Depression & Anxiety

• Osteoporosis and Bone Health

• Effect of Drugs on Pregnancy

• Abortion and Mental Health

• Nurse Practitioner

• Healthcare Management

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• Healthy food habits

• Gentle exercising 

• Yoga and Meditation

• Being active

• Hygienic lifestyle

• Proper diagnosis & medications

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Women have unique health related issues which include pregnancy, menopause, and conditions of the female organs. Women can have a healthy pregnancy by getting proper, early and regular prenatal care. They are also recommended several tests for cervical cancer, breast cancer and bone density screenings. Complications of pregnancy include health problems that occur during pregnancy. Diet and nutrition plays a major role during pregnancy time like Protein rich veg diet and Calcium rich recipes. The best time to try and conceive is during the ‘fertile window’ of the menstrual cycle i.e. ovulation time.

• Reproductive and sexual health
• Obstetrical fistula
• Non-reproductive health
• Mental health

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• Breast cancer-Specific GPA

• Breast health

• Prognostic factors

• Evaluation of breasts

• Breast cancer - Types

• Breast cancer - Causes

• Breast cancer - Risk Factors

• Breast cancer – Symptoms

• Diet for Breast Cancer

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There are several types of breast cancer, and they’re broken into two main categories: invasive and noninvasive. Noninvasive breast cancer is also known as breast cancer in situ.

While invasive cancer has spread from the breast ducts or glands to other parts of the breast, noninvasive cancer has not spread from the original tissue.

These two categories are used to describe the most common types of breast cancer, which include:

• Ductal carcinoma in situ. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a noninvasive condition. With DCIS, the cancer cells are confined to the ducts in your breast and haven’t invaded the surrounding breast tissue.
• Lobular carcinoma in situ. Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is cancer that grows in the milk-producing glands of your breast. Like DCIS, the cancer cells haven’t invaded the surrounding tissue.
• Invasive ductal carcinoma. Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) is the most common type of breast cancer. This type of breast cancer begins in your breast’s milk ducts and then invades nearby tissue in the breast. Once the breast cancer has spread to the tissue outside your milk ducts, it can begin to spread to other nearby organs and tissue.
• Invasive lobular carcinoma. Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) first develops in your breast’s lobules and has invaded nearby tissue.

Other, less common types of breast cancer include:

• Paget disease of the nipple. This type of breast cancer begins in the ducts of the nipple, but as it grows, it begins to affect the skin and areola of the nipple.
• Phyllodes tumor. This very rare type of breast cancer grows in the connective tissue of the breast. Most of these tumors are benign, but some are cancerous.
• Angiosarcoma. This is cancer that grows on the blood vessels or lymph vessels in the breast.

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Doctors divide breast cancer into stages based on the size of the tumor and how much it has spread.

Cancers that are large or have invaded nearby tissues or organs are at a higher stage than cancers that are small or still contained in the breast. To stage breast cancer, doctors need to know:

• if the cancer is invasive or noninvasive

• how large the tumor is

• whether the lymph nodes are involved

• if the cancer has spread to nearby tissue or organs

Breast cancer has five main stages: stages 0 to 4.

Stage 0 breast cancer

Stage 0 is DCIS. Cancer cells in DCIS remain confined to the ducts in the breast and have not spread into nearby tissue.

Stage 1 breast cancer

• Stage 1A. The primary tumor is 2 centimeters (cm) wide or less. The lymph nodes are not affected.

• Stage 1B. Cancer is found in nearby lymph nodes. Either there is no tumor in the breast, or the tumor is smaller than 2 cm.

Stage 2 breast cancer

• Stage 2A. The tumor is smaller than 2 cm and has spread to 1 to 3 nearby lymph nodes, or it’s between 2 and 5 cm and hasn’t spread to any lymph nodes.

• Stage 2B. The tumor is between 2 and 5 cm and has spread to 1 to 3 axillary (armpit) lymph nodes, or it’s larger than 5 cm and hasn’t spread to any lymph nodes.

Stage 3 breast cancer

• Stage 3A.

  • The cancer has spread to 4 to 9 axillary lymph nodes or has enlarged the internal mammary lymph nodes. The primary tumor can be any size.

  • Tumors are greater than 5 cm. The cancer has spread to 1 to 3 axillary lymph nodes or any breastbone nodes.

• Stage 3B. A tumor has invaded the chest wall or skin and may or may not have invaded up to 9 lymph nodes.

• Stage 3C. Cancer is found in 10 or more axillary lymph nodes, lymph nodes near the collarbone, or internal mammary nodes.

Stage 4 breast cancer (metastatic breast cancer)

Stage 4 breast cancer can have a tumor of any size. Its cancer cells have spread to nearby and distant lymph nodes as well as distant organs.

The testing your doctor does will determine the stage of your breast cancer, which will affect your treatment.

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• Stress urinary incontinence (SUI)

• Vaginal tightening

• Post menopause indications

• Post delivery rehabilitation

• Vaginal dryness

• Recurring infections

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Geriatric gynecology is the study of gynecological disorders in postmenopausal women aged 65 and over. As age becomes an issue, the geriatric period becomes increasingly more significant. The effects of ageing on the tissue milieu make it difficult to apply treatment procedures, which adds to the challenge. As a result, all gynecologists should strive to care for these women during their reproductive years as well as later in life. The geriatric clinic is prepared to tackle these new difficulties and offer patients new possibilities to live healthier lives. Gynecologists treat women aged 65 and up in three ways: as surgeons, consultants and therapists for gynecologic problems, and primary and preventive health care providers. The field of geriatric gynecology is fast growing. We must assess whether interventions are acceptable and useful, identify unmet needs, and distribute resources appropriately in light of fast changing technology and breakthroughs in gynecologic care.

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Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that combines biology, physics, chemistry, and engineering to alter materials on a nanoscale size ranging from 1 to 100 nanometres. Nanotechnology has a bright future in medicine. Nanotechnology has ushered in a new era in medicine as well as other fields of study. The goal of this research was to see if nanotechnology could be used to treat a variety of reproductive problems. The most promising fields of nanomedicine include in vitro imaging diagnostics and nanoparticle-based cancer treatments. Its usage as a therapeutic method for infertility is a novel technique. The introduction of nanotechnology-related applications and technologies has changed existing preventive, diagnostic, and treatment approaches over the previous decade. This novel method has paved the path for the creation of more advanced and sensitive instruments for studying the systems that underpin disease biology. This has been a primary driving force behind the global health sector's expansion.

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• Breast Cancer Foundation

• Breast Cancer Assiociations

• Breast Cancer funds

• Breast Cancer Societies

• Breast Cancer Funds

• Breast Cancer Survivor

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• Breast Surgical Oncology

• Breast cancer removal

• Lumpectomy

• Breast-conserving surgery

• Mastectomy with reconstruction 

• Mastectomy  

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